THE GENDER PRINCIPLE IN LAW AS A GUARANTEE OF EQUALITY IN LEGAL REGULATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9771/rds.v4i1.53662Palavras-chave:
equality, feminism, genderResumo
The development of modern Ukraine on the basis of the new forms of social relations between the sexes must be carried out in accordance with world universal standards of human rights and equality between the sexes. Article defines the need for a more specific view of gender equality. Using the historical approach and different theoretical methods, article attempts to systematize knowledge about feminism, gender, transgender, human rights and opportunities of people. The article contains an analysis of gender discrimination and violence and defines ways of overcoming them. The study focuses on the legal aspects of equal rights and opportunities in both international legal acts and Ukrainian legislation. The article studied how a gender approach in politics, economics and social spheres was being developed. Measures taken to ensure the equal distribution of family responsibilities, ensuring a reduction in the gender pay gap, were analyzed. The main areas of gender equality guaranteed by international and domestic law were identified as follows: equal access to management positions, access to labor market participation, elimination of occupational segregation, violence and discrimination based on gender, unpaid time off, etc. The priorities of the state gender policy for the last 5 years were investigated.
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Referências
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BBC NEWS/Ukraine. (2021). Reverse discrimination: men in Sweden are not hired for "women's" jobs. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-56222209
Bittman, M., Brown, J., & Craig, L. (2005). Part-time work and time for care: the consequences of four policy designs. In 27th IATUR (International Association for Time Use Research) Conference, 2—4 November, Halifax, Canada.
Bryson, V. (2011). Gender and politics of time. Feminist theory and modern debates. Kyiv: Center for Educational Literature.
CMU. (2018). On approval of the State Social Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2021. Resolution No. 273. 11.04.2018. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-zatverdzhennya-derzhavnoyi-socialnoyi-programi-zabezpechennya-rivenih-prav-ta-mozhlivostej-zhinok-i-cholovikiv-na-period-until2021
CMU. (2022). State strategy for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men for the period until 2030 Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated August 12, 2022 No. 752-r. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/752-2022-%D1%80#Text
de Beauvoir, S. (2017). Another friend. Kyiv: Fundamentals.
Engeli, І., & Mazur, А. (2018). Taking implementation seriously in assessing success: The politics of gender equality policy. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 1(1-2), 119-129.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2007). Gendered bodies: feminist perspectives. Los Angeles: Roxbury Pub. Retrieved from https://eige.europa.eu/
Exclusive: Los Angeles County Sheriff implements new transgender policy. (2017). Retrieved from https://qvoicenews.com/2017/05/02/exclusive-los-angeles-county-sheriff-implements-new-transgender-policy/
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
Feminist workshop. (2021). Meaningless gender labeling of goods. Retrieved from https://femwork.org/blog/bezgluzde-genderne-markuvannya-tovariv/.
Fundamentals of gender theory. (2004). Tutorial. Kyiv: "KIS", 536 p.
Gender aspects, development of agriculture and rural areas - Ukraine. (2021). A series of materials on gender assessment in Europe and Central Asia. Budapest. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/cb4501uk/cb4501uk.pdf
Gender in detail: On what gender principle to organize prisons. (2021). Retrieved from https://genderindetail.org.ua/library/identichnosti/transgenderism/za-yakim-gendernim-printsipom-organizovuvati-vyaznitsi.html).
Goncharova, Yu.A. (2017). The role and place of the principle of gender equality in modern international law. Kyiv: Koretsky Institute of State and Law of National Academy of Science of Ukraine.
Harding, S., & Hintikka, M. (1983). Discovering reality. Feminist perspectives on epistemology, methaphysics, methodology and philosophy. London: Springer Dordrecht.
Kachur, V., Khomiachenko, S., Moriak-Protopopova, K., & Protosavitska, L. (2020). Legal culture as a condition for sustainable development of Ukrainian society. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(4), 211.
Kharitonova, O. (2020). Human dignity and gender equality in the constitutional space. Ukrainian Journal of Constitutional Law, 4, 61-71.
Kirichenko, E.V. (2009). The nature of gender asymmetry in society through the prism of socio-philosophical thought. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/priroda-gendernoy-asimmetrii-v-obschestve-skvoz-prizmu-sotsialno-filosofskoy-mysli-1/viewer
Kozin, S., Tatarova, T., Korzh-Ikaieva, T., Sokurenko, O., & Maltsev, V. (2020). Description of the legal basis for the protection of labor rights of migrants. Cuestiones Políticas, 38, 546-557.
Malik, S., & Naeem, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women: Health, livelihoods & domestic violence. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24350
Melnyk, T., Kobylyanska, L., & Smolyar, L. (1999). Gender analysis of Ukrainian society. Kyiv: Zlatograf.
Mill, J.S. (2001). On freedom: Essays. Kyiv: Osnovy.
Nanthini, S., & Nair, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the Impacts on Women. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26875
Novakova, Z. (2017). Four Dimensions of Societal Transformation: An Introduction to the Problematique of Ukraine. The International Journal of Social Quality, 7(2), 1–29.
Pascall, G., & Lewis, J. (2004). Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe. Journal of Social Policy, 33(3), 373-394.
Samilyk, L., Teremetskyi, V., Milevska, A., Lytvyn, N., & Artemenko O. (2021). Implementation of gender policy in the public authorities. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 6). Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/special-issues/volume-24-special-issue-6-title-legal-ethics-and- responsibilities.html
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2020). Statistical publication “Labour force of Ukraine 2019”. Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
Stoller, P.J. (1968). Sex and gender: On the development of masculinity and femininity. London: Routledge.
Strategy. (2018). The Council of Europe's Gender Equality Strategy for 2018-2023. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/prems-041318-gbr-gender-equality-strategy-2023-ukr-new2/16808b35a4,
The Global Gender Gap Report. (2021). Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf
Training course "Gender Equality and Women's Rights. (2021). Practical and methodical manual for teachers. Retrieved from https://newjustice.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Curriculum-Gender-Equality-Final.pdf
Ukrainian Women’s Fund. (2021). Statement No. 4 on the Interim Results of Gender Monitoring of Ukraine's Local Elections held on 25 October 2020. Retrieved from https://www.uwf.org.ua/en/news/12053
UN-Women. (2022). Explaining how COVID-19 affects women and girls. Retrieved from https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/explainer/covid19/en/index.html
Leśniak, G.J. (2022). PRO: 39 percent of respondents perceive the unequal retirement age of women and men as discrimination against women. Retrieved from https://www.prawo.pl/kadry/dyskryminacja-kobiet-wyniki-badania-przeprowadzonego-na-zlecenie,513890.html#:~:text=Wyniki%20bada%C5%84%20pokazuj%C4%85%2C%20%C5%BCe%20mieszka%C5%84cy%20Polski%20w%20wieku,badanych%2C%20w%202021%20roku%20%E2%80%93%20ju%C5%BC%2020%20proc
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2012). On the Principles of Preventing and Combating Discrimination in Ukraine: Law of Ukraine No. 5207-VI of 06.09.2012. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5207-17#Text
Vodianikov, O. (2021). Gender equality: Theory and practice in comparative constitutional law. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/4/502224.pdf
World Economic Forum. (2021). The Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Wright, M. (2022). Gender Discrimination: Causes, Consequences. Retrieved from https://pl2.warbletoncouncil.org/discriminacion-genero-15891
Aristotle. (2012). On the origin of animals. Moscow: Book on Demand, 249 p.
BBC NEWS/Ukraine. (2021). Reverse discrimination: men in Sweden are not hired for "women's" jobs. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-56222209
Bittman, M., Brown, J., & Craig, L. (2005). Part-time work and time for care: the consequences of four policy designs. In 27th IATUR (International Association for Time Use Research) Conference, 2—4 November, Halifax, Canada.
Bryson, V. (2011). Gender and politics of time. Feminist theory and modern debates. Kyiv: Center for Educational Literature.
CMU. (2018). On approval of the State Social Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2021. Resolution No. 273. 11.04.2018. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-zatverdzhennya-derzhavnoyi-socialnoyi-programi-zabezpechennya-rivenih-prav-ta-mozhlivostej-zhinok-i-cholovikiv-na-period-until2021
CMU. (2022). State strategy for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men for the period until 2030 Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated August 12, 2022 No. 752-r. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/752-2022-%D1%80#Text
de Beauvoir, S. (2017). Another friend. Kyiv: Fundamentals.
Engeli, І., & Mazur, А. (2018). Taking implementation seriously in assessing success: The politics of gender equality policy. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 1(1-2), 119-129.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2007). Gendered bodies: feminist perspectives. Los Angeles: Roxbury Pub. Retrieved from https://eige.europa.eu/
Exclusive: Los Angeles County Sheriff implements new transgender policy. (2017). Retrieved from https://qvoicenews.com/2017/05/02/exclusive-los-angeles-county-sheriff-implements-new-transgender-policy/
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
Feminist workshop. (2021). Meaningless gender labeling of goods. Retrieved from https://femwork.org/blog/bezgluzde-genderne-markuvannya-tovariv/.
Fundamentals of gender theory. (2004). Tutorial. Kyiv: "KIS", 536 p.
Gender aspects, development of agriculture and rural areas - Ukraine. (2021). A series of materials on gender assessment in Europe and Central Asia. Budapest. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/cb4501uk/cb4501uk.pdf
Gender in detail: On what gender principle to organize prisons. (2021). Retrieved from https://genderindetail.org.ua/library/identichnosti/transgenderism/za-yakim-gendernim-printsipom-organizovuvati-vyaznitsi.html).
Goncharova, Yu.A. (2017). The role and place of the principle of gender equality in modern international law. Kyiv: Koretsky Institute of State and Law of National Academy of Science of Ukraine.
Harding, S., & Hintikka, M. (1983). Discovering reality. Feminist perspectives on epistemology, methaphysics, methodology and philosophy. London: Springer Dordrecht.
Kachur, V., Khomiachenko, S., Moriak-Protopopova, K., & Protosavitska, L. (2020). Legal culture as a condition for sustainable development of Ukrainian society. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(4), 211.
Kharitonova, O. (2020). Human dignity and gender equality in the constitutional space. Ukrainian Journal of Constitutional Law, 4, 61-71.
Kirichenko, E.V. (2009). The nature of gender asymmetry in society through the prism of socio-philosophical thought. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/priroda-gendernoy-asimmetrii-v-obschestve-skvoz-prizmu-sotsialno-filosofskoy-mysli-1/viewer
Kozin, S., Tatarova, T., Korzh-Ikaieva, T., Sokurenko, O., & Maltsev, V. (2020). Description of the legal basis for the protection of labor rights of migrants. Cuestiones Políticas, 38, 546-557.
Malik, S., & Naeem, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women: Health, livelihoods & domestic violence. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24350
Melnyk, T., Kobylyanska, L., & Smolyar, L. (1999). Gender analysis of Ukrainian society. Kyiv: Zlatograf.
Mill, J.S. (2001). On freedom: Essays. Kyiv: Osnovy.
Nanthini, S., & Nair, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the Impacts on Women. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26875
Novakova, Z. (2017). Four Dimensions of Societal Transformation: An Introduction to the Problematique of Ukraine. The International Journal of Social Quality, 7(2), 1–29.
Pascall, G., & Lewis, J. (2004). Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe. Journal of Social Policy, 33(3), 373-394.
Samilyk, L., Teremetskyi, V., Milevska, A., Lytvyn, N., & Artemenko O. (2021). Implementation of gender policy in the public authorities. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(Special Issue 6). Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/special-issues/volume-24-special-issue-6-title-legal-ethics-and- responsibilities.html
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2020). Statistical publication “Labour force of Ukraine 2019”. Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
Stoller, P.J. (1968). Sex and gender: On the development of masculinity and femininity. London: Routledge.
Strategy. (2018). The Council of Europe's Gender Equality Strategy for 2018-2023. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/prems-041318-gbr-gender-equality-strategy-2023-ukr-new2/16808b35a4,
The Global Gender Gap Report. (2021). Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf
Training course "Gender Equality and Women's Rights. (2021). Practical and methodical manual for teachers. Retrieved from https://newjustice.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Curriculum-Gender-Equality-Final.pdf
Ukrainian Women’s Fund. (2021). Statement No. 4 on the Interim Results of Gender Monitoring of Ukraine's Local Elections held on 25 October 2020. Retrieved from https://www.uwf.org.ua/en/news/12053
UN-Women. (2022). Explaining how COVID-19 affects women and girls. Retrieved from https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/explainer/covid19/en/index.html
Leśniak, G.J. (2022). PRO: 39 percent of respondents perceive the unequal retirement age of women and men as discrimination against women. Retrieved from https://www.prawo.pl/kadry/dyskryminacja-kobiet-wyniki-badania-przeprowadzonego-na-zlecenie,513890.html#:~:text=Wyniki%20bada%C5%84%20pokazuj%C4%85%2C%20%C5%BCe%20mieszka%C5%84cy%20Polski%20w%20wieku,badanych%2C%20w%202021%20roku%20%E2%80%93%20ju%C5%BC%2020%20proc
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2012). On the Principles of Preventing and Combating Discrimination in Ukraine: Law of Ukraine No. 5207-VI of 06.09.2012. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5207-17#Text
Vodianikov, O. (2021). Gender equality: Theory and practice in comparative constitutional law. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/4/502224.pdf
World Economic Forum. (2021). The Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Wright, M. (2022). Gender Discrimination: Causes, Consequences. Retrieved from https://pl2.warbletoncouncil.org/discriminacion-genero-15891
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