A Kulturkämpfe neoconservadora
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https://doi.org/10.9771/pcr.v15i1.47384Palabras clave:
guerras culturales, neoconservadurismo, Andrew HartmanResumen
Si los nuevos izquierdistas dieron forma a un lado de las guerras culturales, aquellos que llegaron a ser llamados neoconservadores fueron enormemente influyentes en dar forma al otro. El neoconservadurismo, una etiqueta aplicada a un grupo de prominentes intelectuales liberales que se movieron a la derecha en el espectro político estadounidense durante los años sesenta, tomó forma precisamente en oposición a la Nueva Izquierda. En su reacción a la Nueva Izquierda, en su enérgica defensa de las instituciones tradicionales estadounidenses y en su ataque a pleno pulmón contra aquellos intelectuales que componían, en palabras de Lionel Trilling, una "cultura adversaria", los neoconservadores ayudaron a redactar los términos mismos de la guerras culturales.
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TRILLING, Lionel. Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning. New York: Viking Adult, 1965. A melhor história do neoconservadorismo é: VAÏSSE, Justin. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
ROBIN, Corey. The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 4. NASH, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America: Since 1945 [1976]. Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1998, p. xiv. Robin cita a passagem de Nash para afirmar sua posição de uma perspectiva avaliadora diversa.
HIMMELFARB, Gertrude. The De-moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.
HEILBRUNN, Jacob. They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons. New York: Doubleday, 2008, p. 6.
WALD, Alan. The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. Norman Podhoretz tornou famoso o rótulo de Kempton: Ex-Friends: Falling Out with Allen Ginsberg, Lionel and Diana Trilling, Lillian Hellman, Hannah Arendt, and Norman Mailer. New York: Free Press, 1999. DORMAN, Joseph. Arguing the World. First Run Features, 1998 [filme].
SPENDER, Stephen (ed.). Encounters: An Anthology from the First Ten Years of “Encounter” Magazine. New York: Basic Books, 1963.
LASCH, Christopher. The Agony of the American Left. New York: Vintage Books, 1969, p. 172. STEINFELS, Peter. The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America’s Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 82.
LIPPMANN, Walter. Essays in the Public Philosophy [1955]. New York: Transaction, 1989, p. 42. GERSON. Neoconservative Vision, 94. BELL, Daniel. The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. Para a citação de Kennedy: SANDEL, Michael. Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 265. O provável autor do discurso de Kennedy foi seu conselheiro Arthur Schlesinger Jr., autor de um livro pluralista influente: The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1949.
Nos Estados Unidos, o termo "liberal" – conforme a divisão entre liberais e conservadores enquanto categorias principais para se pensar a política nesse país – corresponde grosso modo aos setores progressistas ou democratas da sociedade. (Nota do tradutor).
KRISTOL, Irving. “Is the Welfare State Obsolete?” Harper’s, June 1963, p. 39–43. ___. “The Best of Intentions, the Worst of Results”. Atlantic Monthly, August 1971, reimpresso em: ___. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Free Press, 1995, p. 43–49. RAAB, Earl. “Which War and Which Poverty?”. Public Interest, Spring 1966, p. 46.
NAUGHTON, John M. “U.S. to Tighten Surveillance of Radicals”. New York Times, April 12, 1970, p. 1 – como citado em: STEINFELS. Neoconservatives, 88.
Display Ad 182. New York Times, October 15, 1972. Trilling fez essa reivindicação no filme de Dorman: Arguing the World.
RAINWATER & YANCEY. Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy. Para mais detalhes sobre a escola de sociologia de Chicago: REED, Touré. Not Alms but Opportunity: The Urban League and the Politics of Racial Uplift, 1910–1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
RAINWATER & YANCEY. Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy, pp. 43, 51 e 126.
A carta do cidadão da Louisiana se encontra nos documentos de Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (daqui em diante: Moynihan Papers), Box I: 184 Folder 1. O artigo de Jencks foi republicado em: RAINWATER & YANCEY. Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy, p. 217.
GEARY, Daniel. “Racial Liberalism, the Moynihan Report and the Dædalus Project on ‘the Negro American’”. Dædalus 140, no 1, Winter 2011, pp. 53-66.
O artigo “Savage Discovery: The Moynihan Report”, de William Ryan, originalmente publicado na Nation, foi republicado em: RAINWATER & YANCEY. Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy, pp. 457-466.
HODGSON, Godfrey. The Gentleman from New York: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, a Biography. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, pp. 19, 100-101 e 129.
Moynihan Papers. Box I: 255, Folder 1.
Moynihan Papers. Box I: 245, Folder 3.
JEFFERS, Thomas L. Norman Podhoretz: A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
PODHORETZ, Norman. “My Negro Problem – and Ours”. Commentary, February 1963, pp. 93-101. Para o contexto e para a citação de Carmichael: GERSON. Neoconservative Vision, 89.
JEFFERS. Norman Podhoretz, pp. 107 e 110. ___. “Podhoretz on Intellectuals”. Manhattan Tribune, February 1, 1969, pp. 4-5 – encontrado nos Norman Podhoretz Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (daqui em diante: Podhoretz Papers), Box 3.
PODHORETZ, Norman. “Laws, Kings, and Cures”. Commentary, October 1970, pp. 30-31.
GERSON. Neoconservative Vision, 98. KRISTOL, Irving. “Urban Civilization and Its Discontents”. Commentary, July 1970, p. 34. ___. On the Democratic Idea in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.
STEINFELS. Neoconservatives, 52. PODHORETZ, Norman. “The Know-Nothing Bohemians”. Partisan Review, Spring 1958, pp. 305-311.
PODHORETZ, Norman. “The New Hypocrisies”. Commentary, December 1970, pp. 5-6. ___. “Redemption through Politics”. Commentary, January 1971, pp. 5-6. BRIGGS, B. Bruce (ed.). The New Class? New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1979, p. 11. DJILAS, Milovan. The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System. New York: Praeger, 1957.
TRILLING. Beyond Culture. Moynihan Papers, Box I: 245, Folder 3.
HOFSTADTER, Richard. Anti-intellectualism in American Life. New York: Vintage Books, 1962. BLUMENTHAL, Sidney. The Rise of the Counter-Establishment. New York: Crown, 1986. BUCKLEY JR., William. God and Man at Yale: The Superstition of “Academic Freedom”. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1951.
KIRK, Russell. “The University and the Revolution: An Insane Conjunction”. Intercollegiate Review, Winter 1969, p. 18 – citado por: MATTSON, Kevin. Rebels All! A Short History of the Conservative Mind in Postwar America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 62. KIRK. Academic Freedom. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1955, p. 31.
BELLOW, Saul. Mr. Sammler’s Planet. New York: Viking, 1969, pp. 3 e 32. Revisão por Irving Stock do artigo de Bellow: Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Commentary, May 1970, 89–94. SCHRYER, Stephen. Fantasies of the New Class: Ideologies of Professionalism in Post–World War II American Fiction. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
STEINFELS. Neoconservatives, 66, pp. 57-58.
RABINOWITZ, Dorothy. “The Radicalized Professor: A Portrait”. Commentary, July 1970, pp. 62-64.
“An Interview with Norman Podhoretz”. Perspective 7, no. 1, Fall 1972, pp. 3-18 (Podhoretz Papers, Box 3). KOPKIND, Andrew. “Soul Power,” New York Review of Books, August 1967, pp. 3-6. WRONG, Dennis H. “The Case of the ‘New York Review’”. Commentary, November 1970, pp. 49-63.
Acerca dos números e análises da população crescente de estudantes: LIVINGSTON, James. The World Turned Inside Out: American Thought and Culture at the End of the 20th Century. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009, p. 21. Para a citação de Podhoretz: BRIGGS. New Class?, 23.
GLAZER, Nathan. “Student Politics and the University”. Atlantic, July 1969, pp. 43-53. ___. “On Being Deradicalized”. Commentary, October 1970, pp. 74-80.
HOOK, Sidney. Academic Freedom and Academic Anarchy. Spokane, WA: Cowles Book, 1970. LIPSET, Seymour Martin. Rebellion in the University. New York: Transaction, 1971. BELL, Daniel & KRISTOL, Irving (eds.). Confrontation: The Student Rebellions and the Universities. New York: Basic Books, 1969. “Hofstadter 1968 Commencement Speech”, em: CU Libraries Exhibitions, Item 5408, Columbia University Archives, Rare Book and Manuscript Library [Livraria de livros e manuscritos raros]. WILSON, James Q. “Liberalism versus Liberal Education”. Commentary, June 1972, pp. 50-54.
BUNZEL, John H. “Black Studies at San Francisco State”. Public Interest 13, Fall 1968, pp. 22-38.
Sigla para “White Anglo-Saxon Protestant”, isto é, tipicamente, protestantes norte-americanos brancos, de ascendência inglesa. (Nota do tradutor).
ADAMS, Maurianne (ed.). Strangers and Neighbors: Relations between Blacks and Jews in the United States. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. ___. “In Search of the Real America: The War on the Intellectuals”. Public Broadcasting System, June 29, 1978 (transcrição) – encontrada nos Podhoretz Papers, Box 3. RAAB, Earl. “Quotas by Any Other Name”. Commentary, January 1972, 44. MOYNIHAN, Daniel Patrick. “The New Racialism”. Atlantic Monthly, August 1968, 35.
HIMMELFARB, Milton. “Is American Jewry in Crisis?”. Commentary, March 1969, 37. ___. “An Interview with Norman Podhoretz”. Perspective, 9. WHITFIELD, Stephen J. “The Longest Hatred”. Reviews in American History 23, no 2, 1995, p. 364.
KAHLENBERG, Richard D. Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battle over Schools, Race, and Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
PODAIR, Jerald E. The Strike That Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill–Brownsville Crisis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. CLARK, Kenneth. Prejudice and Your Child. Boston: Beacon, 1955. ___. Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power. New York: Harper and Row, 1965, p. 131.
RAVITCH, Diane. The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools. New York: Basic Books, 1974, pp. 251-380.
GLAZER, Nathan & MOYNIHAN, Daniel Patrick. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963. CROLY, Herbert. The Promise of American Life. New York: Macmillan, 1909, p. 139 – citado por: SEHAT, David. The Myth of American Religious Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 206.
A questão para discussão do professor e a carta anônima são citadas em: PODAIR. Strike That Changed New York, 58, 124. O poema anti-semítico é citado em: GERSON. Neoconservative Vision, 159.
A citação de Carmichael está em: CARSON, Ben. “Stokely Carmichael”, em: GATES JR., Henry Louis & HIGGINBOTHAM, Evelyn Brooks (orgs.). African American Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. GLAZER, Nathan. “Blacks, Jews and Intellectuals”. Commentary, April 1969. ___. “Podhoretz on Intellectuals”. Manhattan Tribune, February 1, 1969, 4. Harnett e Young são citados em: PODAIR. Strike That Changed New York, 131, p. 126.
De difícil tradução, o termo busing – que também aparecerá nos parágrafos seguintes – se refere a uma política de dessegregação que consistia no transporte de estudantes para dentro ou fora dos distritos escolares aos quais estavam inicialmente atribuídos, com o propósito de diversificar a composição racial das escolas. Optamos por traduzi-lo circunstancialmente por “transporte”, ainda que a palavra em português não apreenda a especificidade de seu significado em inglês. (Nota do tradutor).
RIEDER, Jonathan. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Blacks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985, pp. 216-17.
EDSALL, Thomas Byrne & EDSALL, Mary D. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on America Politics. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991, p. 31.
GLAZER, Nathan. “Is Busing Necessary?”. Commentary, March 1972, p. 50. LUKAS, J. Anthony. Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families. New York: Vintage Books, 1985. RICHER, Matthew. “Boston’s Busing Massacre”. Policy Review, November 1, 1998.
WILSON, James Q. “Crime and the Liberal Audience”. Commentary, January 1971, pp. 71-78.
Ibid., p. 77.
HOLLINGER, David. Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, 10th anniversary ed. [1995]. New York: Basic Books, 2005, p. 177. HEILBRUNN. They Knew They Were Right, p. 14.
Historiadores do neoconservadorismo tendem a ignorar Midge Decter. Ronnie Grinberg serve como um corretivo útil, em: “Jewish Intellectuals, Masculinity, and the Making of Modern American Conservatism, 1930-1980”. Tese de PhD, Northwestern University, 2010. JEFFERS. Norman Podhoretz, 207. DECTER, Midge. The Liberated Woman and Other Americans. New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghehan, 1971. ___. The New Chastity and Other Arguments against Women’s Liberation [1972]. New York: Capricorn Books, 1974.
DECTER. New Chastity, p. 43.
DECTER. Liberated Woman and Other Americans, p. 12.
Para o rótulo auto-atribuído de Bell, ver seu: The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, 20th anniversary ed. [1976]. New York: Basic Books, 1996, p. xi. BELL, Daniel. “Sensibility in the 60’s”. Commentary, June 1971, 63. DECTER, Midge. “Boys on the Beach”. Commentary, September 1980, p. 38.
VIDAL, Gore. “Pink Triangle and Yellow Star”, em: PARINI, Jay (ed.). The Selected Essays of Gore Vidal. New York: Doubleday, 2008, pp. 343, 345 e 341 (originalmente publicado em: The Nation, November 14, 1981).
NASH, George. Reappraising the Right: The Past and Future of American Conservatism. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2009, pp. 243-244.
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